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Some studs are trained that having a stud chain a certain way (for example, over the nose), or even using a stud chain at all, means breeding time.
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But the goal was to scale the project up, which meant breeding tens of thousands of mutated fish to isolate a few hundred of the genes involved in development.
Obtaining embryonic stem cells through cloning would mean breeding human life specifically for destruction.
Both shrike species have been monitored in the area since 1999, mean breeding density of the great grey shrike here reaches 13 15 pairs per 100 km2 and red-backed shrike density varies between 5 to 12 breeding pairs per 1 km2 [32], [33], [33].
The expected mean breeding value of a potential offspring was calculated as: mBV = MGBV s + MGBV d, where mBV is the expected breeding value of an offspring based on the parental average estimated breeding values, MGBVs is the estimated mean gamete breeding value of the sire, and MGBVd is the estimated mean gamete breeding value of the dam.
A related but not equivalent approach is to maximize the gene diversity in the offspring with or without constraining its expected mean breeding value to a predefined value.
The program for optimum contribution selection allows adding the constraint that the expected mean breeding value of the offspring does not fall below a certain value.
Meuwissen [ 3] proposed to maximize the expected mean breeding value of the offspring while constraining its gene diversity to a predefined value.
Although this may sound a little obvious to those who aren't new to breeding, sexing the hamsters does not mean breeding baby hamsters (or doing anything... inappropriate!).
Genetic trends were determined by regressing yearly estimated mean breeding values on year of birth.
Although egg laying started earlier in some territories, the mean breeding success was similar in all of them.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com