This simple system demonstrates not only that a TF can regulate the variance of RNA and protein levels without influencing their mean (as previously identified with various mechanisms [ 28, 42]), but more interestingly, that normalized variance can increase with the concentration of a TF (figure 3B).
In order to establish a physiological plasma E2 concentration upper limit before treatment, twice the standard deviation (SD) was added to the general mean as previously described by Vynckier et al. [ 35].
To maximize the accuracy of our real-time PCR experiments we used three internal control genes for our mouse (Pgk1, Tfrc, and Hprt) and human studies (HPRT, PGK1, TBP), and calculated the geometric mean as previously described (Vandesompele et al., 2002 ).
Levels of GFAP, synaptophysin, and MAP2 were estimated by means of computer-aided image analysis, as previously described [82].
Data from each tissue section (10 fields per section) were pooled to determine means, as described previously [ 8].
Although the requirement for STAT3 activation for Th17-cell differentiation in conventional T cells is well established [ 34], it is likely that STAT3 activation in Treg cells occurs through nonconventional means, as described previously in nonimmune cells [ 52], because the IL-1R does not directly interact with JAK proteins.
The GI were extracted from central surface data based on the absolute mean curvature as previously described [12].
We conducted gene expression meta-analysis by combining effect sizes (standardized mean differences) as previously described in detail [ 20].
Grade (G), Rough (R), and Breathy (B) presented the highest mean scores, as previously observed by various authors [ 1– 43]43].
Ki-67 immunoreactivity was classified according to the percentage of positively stained follicular cells exceeded the median percentage value into two categories (below and over mean value), as previously reported [ 18– 20].
