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Our means are constrained: the U.N. resolution we're enforcing explicitly rules out ground forces, and President Obama has repeatedly done so as well.
In model 4, the means are constrained to equality, to test for differences.
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In this model, factor means were constrained to be invariant across methods (strict invariance model b).
In a Poisson model the mean is constrained to be equal to the variance and therefore like many other generalised linear models the level 1 residual variance is not estimated.
This amounts to regarding them as concrete artefacts that are built by specific representational means and are constrained by their design in such a way that they facilitate the study of certain scientific questions, and learning from them by means of construction and manipulation.
The reality of the licence fee settlement means that we are constrained financially".
This means student choices are constrained by the need to attend local institutions.
In order to apply this constraint, we ensure that the intrinsic noise scaling parameter and mean protein levels are constrained within the optimization algorithm such that the condition η P 0 ≥ η w t P 0 w t is maintained.
However, unlike the analogy with means presented above, evolutionary inferences are constrained to a single observation, so there is no empirical measure of variance in observed data.
If viable, this second strategy) could provide the complementary capability of generating macrocyclic peptides that are constrained by means of an N-to- C-end cyclic backbone and an intramolecular inter-side-chain thioether linkage.
Our examination of social and administrative accountability was informed by Chandler and Plano's definition of accountability as ' a condition in which individuals who exercise power are constrained by external means and internal norms' [ 44].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com