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First, for items requiring the knowledge of conventionalized form-function mappings (i.e., Lin items), a lack of such knowledge tends to lead to completely opposite meaning interpretations, and this is particularly the case for lower ability examinees.
This showed that processing implicature encoded through conventionalized linguistic forms was more effortful than processing the other two types of implicature, leading to less accurate meaning interpretations for Lin items than for Dis and Non items.
Because the majority of the Dis items involved indirect refusals, examinees justified their meaning interpretations by directly citing the reason(s) that the interlocutor provided in the dialog, as shown in the following excerpt: Excerpt 1: Dis item (item #2 in the Appendix).
In this framework all validity contributes to construct validity and exists as a matter of degree, meaning interpretations from scores are more or less valid given a specific context.
Similar(56)
Thus, each semantic factor represents a meaning (interpretation), given in certain way.
In this paper we explore how learning for sustainability is shaped by meaning, interpretation and experience, in the context of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs).
Lower ability examinees may not be able to do so and instead may search an entire dialog for cues that can help with meaning interpretation.
When implicatures are conveyed through conventionalized linguistic forms (Lin) or predicable discourse patterns (Dis), listeners do not have to extensively process contextual cues for meaning interpretation, because meaning can be derived directly from those conventionalized features.
Am I right?" Still another finding emerged from the protocol analyses was that examinees often appeared to be tentative in their meaning interpretation when they were drawn to the literal meaning of the conventionalized linguistic forms.
Excerpt 4 of the protocol analysis is a good example here: the examinee (from the CSL-1 group) was attracted to the literal meaning of the conventionalized utterances, which led to the opposite meaning interpretation.
As the relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson 1995) posits, implicature comprehension is heavily influenced by implicature strength, which is related to the amount of contextual cues that one must process for meaning interpretation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com