The updated LUR model applied here includes 2005 2011 satellite NO2 estimates (Lamsal et al. 2008), road length within 10 km, area of industrial land use within 2 km, and mean summer rainfall.
We found that ~ 43% of the lahars occurred in the latewood season (from July to October) when the mean summer monthly rainfall is > 120 mm.
April September is the rainy season with lower temperatures (mean 26°C) and high rainfall (mean 1270 mm).
The District 20 rainfall in January 1993 20.511 cm) was higher than the 75th percentile of January rainfall (20.3 cm) and was greater than the upper 95% confidence interval of the mean of January rainfall from 1991 to 2011 (mean 17.00, 95% confidence intervals (13.80, 20.18), range 5.30 – 29.61).
The study sites selected were located in south-central Chile and are characterized by a wet autumn and winter and mean annual rainfall of ∼2300 mm.
Based on the meteorological data collected from three locations near the reserve (Akonolinga [2°56'N, 11°57'E], Sangmélima [3°47'N, 12°15'E] and Lomié [3°09'N, 13°37'E]) between 1979 and 2008, the multiannual mean annual rainfall is 1441 mm, 1575 mm and 1520 mm (average value = 1512 mm), respectively.
During the last 15 years, mean annual rainfall was 705±180 ranging from 475 to 1071 mm, mean annual temperature was 10.7±0.4°C ranging from 9.9 to 11.6°C and mean number of days with snow cover were 30.5±8.9, ranging from 22 to 51 days.
Data obtained from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) showed that the site has a temperate climate, with mean monthly air temperature over the period 1981 2010 ranging from 8.6 °C in July winterr) to 18.3 °C in February summerr), and mean annual rainfall of 917 mm (NIWA 2013).
Temperatures over summer average 23°C and over winter average 12°C and mean annual rainfall is 1000 mm.
The global precipitation of December 1998, primarily depends on that of December 31 (43.4 mm of 56.8 mm). Figure 5 shows the mean monthly rainfall from 1995 to 1999.
