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This figure shows that, due to the weak law of large numbers, the term is Gaussian centered to a mean value that is constant in time.
The mathematical expectation or expected value of a discrete random variable is a mean result for an infinitely large number of trials, so it is a mean value that would be approximated by a large but finite number of trials.
The smallest change in variance in both periods was observed for the measure based only on the mean value, that is the expected number of years lived at age 10 (e 10).
One reason could be that the RC index, although derived from observatories located at different longitudes, provides a global mean value that cannot reflect potential local time and/or longitudinal variations of the magnetospheric ring current.
As can be seen from Fig. 3 on the right, returns fluctuate around mean value that is closed to zero and also shows volatility clustering where large returns tend to be followed by small returns.
where refers to the original posture, denotes the lower-dimensional version of the posture represented using the aSpace, [e1,…,e b ] is the aSpace transformation matrix that correspond to the first b selected eigenvectors, and is the posture mean value that is formed by averaging all postures, which are assumed to be transformed into the aSpace.
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Bold letters mean values that are commented in text.
The sensitivity was evaluated in terms of 99% confidence intervals of the mean to understand the range of mean values that may represent the entire statistical population of performance variables.
Three additional considerations are required to successfully control crystallization process local conditions rather than bulk, instantaneous rates of change rather than mean values that control the relative rates of nucleation, and crystal growth.
Finally, the theoretical expressions of the kinetic parameters have been applied to the experimental data corresponding to a set of glassy alloys, quoted in the literature, thus obtaining mean values that agree very satisfactorily with the published data.
The definitive one-minute values, as published on an annual basis, are used to compute definitive hourly mean values that are then compared against the candidate QD hourly means.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com