Sentence examples for mean value substitution from inspiring English sources

Methods known to produce biased results (i.e. LOCF, the missing indicator method and mean value substitution) continue to be used, with four papers using these methods in 2009.

The mean value substitution method replaces the missing value with the average value calculated over all the values available from the other waves of data collection for the same individual.

Both LOCF and mean value substitution falsely increase the stated precision of the estimates by failing to account for the uncertainty due to the missing data and generally give biased results, even when the data are MCAR [ 7, 15].

Methods known to produce biased results were also used, for example, Last Observation Carried Forward (n = 7), the missing indicator method (n = 1), and mean value substitution (n = 3).

Ad hoc methods (e.g. LOCF, the missing indicator method and mean value substitution), which are generally not recommended [ 16, 25] because they fail to account for the uncertainty in the data and may produce biased estimates [ 12], continue to be used.

An overview of important parameters for model comparison is given in Table 2. Important parameters, such as mean likelihood value, substitution rate, and node age, were calculated for every inference and compared with each other.

The mean divergence value was significantly lower than the mean value of synonymous substitutions and the genomic average (t-test P < 10−) but higher than the mean value of nonsynonymous substitutions (t-test P < 10−) in all lineages.

The resulting distribution of the number of yearly fixations deviates strongly from the form expected for independently evolving sites, i.e., a Poisson distribution with the same mean value of 4.1 substitutions per year (dashed line).