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Our divergence time estimates for the core ruschioids (Fig. 2, mean crown age 1.50 Mya; mean stem age 3.31 Mya) are younger than those estimated by Klak et al.
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Previous work has also shown that the North American and Caribbean lineage leading to Pritchardia colonized the eastern Pacific and then dispersed to Hawaii between 3.5-8 million years ago (MA; mean stem-crown ages [ 31]).
Because of the age of the oldest extant Hawaiian Island (Nihoa; 7.3 Ma [ 14, 15, 47]) and because the Pritchardia colonization of the Hawaiian Islands was estimated to occur between 3.5-8 meanmean stem to crown-stem ages [ 31]), an average of three new species would have had to form every million years to account for the 24 currently recognized species in the radiation.
Following the reasoning of Nie et al. [ 34] a normal prior was used with a mean of 58.5 Ma st . dev. = 5 Ma) for the stem age of Vitis.
The prior for the stem age of Aizoaceae/Phytolaccaceae was set using a normal distribution (mean = 21, SD = 1).
While the Dendrobium crown age constraint was most frequently reached during the analyses, the Earina stem age constraint was often reached but did not prevent a normally distributed age distribution with a mean older than the fossil constraint.
The mean stem subsidence was 1.1 mm.
The combination of mean stem volume and number of stems provides stand-level volume estimates.
The mean stem antetorsion was 5.5° (SD 11).
The mean stem-femur index was 0.39 (SD 0.04).
In addition, average age observations show lesser sensitivity to STEM density for Non-STEM workers (as expected, the effect of STEM density on Non-STEM age is in the opposite direction).
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