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Generally, the results show that mean soil exchangeable Na+ had no significant differences with land use types (P > 0.01) and across all elevations (Table 6).
At this altitude, mean soil exchangeable Ca2+ at the surface (0 15 cm) layer showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between the soils under natural forest, savanna, and farmland.
However, at this altitude, mean soil exchangeable Na+ concentrations at the surface (0 15 cm) layer showed no significant difference (P > 0.01) between the soils under all the land use/land cover systems.
At low altitude, soils under the natural forest land use system had the highest mean soil exchangeable Na+ concentrations (0.85 cmol /kg soil) while those under E. saligna plantation had the lowest concentration (0.58 cmol /kg soil).
However, at this altitude, mean soil exchangeable K+ concentration at the surface (0 15 cm) layer showed no significant difference (P > 0.01) between the soils under all the land use/land cover systems.
At this altitude, mean soil exchangeable Ca2+ at the surface (0 15 cm) layer showed significant differences (P < 0.01) between the soils under natural forest and all the other land use systems except those under farmland.
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Table 8 Means of selected soil exchangeable acidity (H++Al3+) in the 0 15 cm soil layer across different land use/land cover systems and altitudes Factor Altitude Land use types Virgin forest Virgin savana Farming Park afforestation Grazing land Eucalyptus forest EA High (> 1500 m) 1.5 – 3.07 – – 3 Mid (900 1500 m) 1.6 – 2.6 – – 1.82 Low (< 900 m) – – – – 0.4 –.
Higher intensity of PyOM addition significantly increased soil exchangeable Mg (by 24.2%), which was caused by increase of soil pH, soil exchangeable surfaces, and soil organic matter.
The mean soil organic carbon (OC) (1.21%), total nitrogen (TN) (0.12%), and available phosphorus (Pav) (7.8 mg kg−1) of the soils in the catchment were low, whereas high in exchangeable potassium (Ex K) (0.77 cmolc kg−1), and medium in cation exchange capacity (CEC) (23.4 cmolc kg−1) compared to the rate for African soils reported in literature.
Table 3 Final values of soil exchangeable Ca, K (cmole kg−1) and pH for both amendments (Mg ha−1) Rate Ex.
The effects of simulated nitrogen (N) deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China.
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