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Total mammal richness was determined by mean shape and habitat division while diversity and patch richness explained carnivore species richness.
Starting from an image base collected from 30 selected patients, a mean shape and most important deformations for each structure were deduced using principal component analysis.
The mean shape and position errors were both approximately ± 0.5 mm and the mean surface depth error ranged from 0 to 0.3 mm, range − 0.3 to + 0.45 mm 95% CI.
When applied to bones, statistical shape models (SSM) and statistical appearance models (SAM) respectively describe the mean shape and mean density distribution of bones within a certain population as well as the main modes of variations of shape and density distribution from their mean values.
Fig. 8 Qualitative reconstruction results of a the mean shape and b d between-individual and e g within-individual shape variations imposed on the mean shape.
By applying PCA to the data, lips can be estimated using the sum of the mean shape and the variation part.
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Uncorrected and size-corrected skull shape variation was visually assessed using between-groups PCA (BG-PCA, [ 46]), which is a modification of the most-commonly-used PCA that takes into account a priori individual grouping by identifying PCs from the variance-covariance matrix of group mean shapes and then projecting all individuals into these components [ 110].
The texture inside the shape is normalized in shape (by means of mean shape warping) and in luminance (by means of gray levels mean and variance) and leads to a free shape texture.
The mean shape s0 and m shape variations si are then obtained, and a new shape S can be expressed as a linear combination of the mean shape s0 and the shape variations si as follows: S = s 0 + ∑ i = 1 m β i s i (1).
We used a landscape ecology approach to calculate indicators of ecosystem diversity, cover and forest fragmentation such as number of patches, mean patch size, mean shape index and mean nearest neighbour distance.
The mean shape s0 and m shape basis vectors s i are obtained by using PCA for training data.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com