When y i is not equal to zero, it means sample i is wrongly classified.
Thus, the new objective function with feature k added can be defined as: where x i (+ k) means training sample i with feature k added.
Prior to analysis, we rescaled the traits by subtracting each value by the mean of the sample (i.e. all data for a trait across generations and treatments) and dividing it by twice the standard deviation [ 77].
A scaling factor for a given jth sample takes the median of the ratios of observed jth sample's counts to the geometric mean across samples (i.e., a pseudoreference sample): (3) d j MED = median g K g j ∏ v = 1 m K g v 1 / m.
Briefly, the mean of all Cq values for sample "i" (global mean) was subtracted from each individual Cq value from sample "i".
If the numerical but not the linguistic task performance in a single patient was significantly inferior to the mean of the control sample (i.e., indicating a deficit in the numerical task) and if the patient's numerical and linguistic score differed significantly beyond the potential difference expected in the control sample, a classical dissociation with linguistic advantage was diagnosed.
HRQoL prior to surgery remained substantially lower than Australian population norms (mean sample AQoL 0.37, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.42 vs mean population AQoL 0.83, 95%CI 0.82 to 0.84).
A strong dissociation was diagnosed, if both patient scores were significantly poorer than the respective mean score of the control sample (i.e., indicating some deficit) and revealed a significantly deviating discrepancy.
The accuracy of the reconstruction of the ancestral protein sequences after omission of such alignment columns was significantly poorer than in sample I (the mean posterior reconstruction probability of the amino acid sequence of the Pyrococcus species ancestor was 0.93 ± 0.04).
Whereas the resampling simulations in the previous section confirmed that differences between condition means arise at approximately the same rates in each sample, the direct comparison of the distributions can confirm that the sources of the differences between condition means are identical for each sample (i.e., the location of the peak (mode) vs. the heaviness of the tail).
