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Main Outcome Measures: Amount of change in mean rectified electromyographic activity (δ value) between walking with and without AFO.
Quantitative electromyographic software was used to analyze the electrical activity of the urethral sphincter with use of mean rectified voltage (MRV mean amplitude calculated over the entire tracing after the waveform is rectified with women at rest and during voluntary urethral squeezing, repetitive coughing, and bladder filling.
The VEMP was measured peak-to-peak and divided by the mean rectified EMG over a 20 ms prestimulus period.
Corrugator and zygomatic EMG responses were successively scored as the difference between the mean rectified corrugator/zygomatic signals present during the presentation of the stimuli and the mean rectified signals in the 1 s prior to stimulus presentation (baseline measure).
The CSP duration was calculated as the time from stimulus onset to the first return of the EMG to the mean rectified prestimulus EMG [ 33].
Excess mean square error.
Weighted mean square error.
S.E.M.: mean standard error.
Minimum mean-squared error.
Nonzero means error.
Furthermore, err means error.
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