Risk or vulnerability factors (or their reciprocals, measuring the absence of risk) and protective or resilience factors can be validated as predictive or not using the receiver operating characteristic, as a means of taking into account base rate variations between samples [ 28].
The highest correlation is found between hourly mean phase rate variations and hourly ranges of the magnetic field vertical component.
As branch length increases, the effect of the standard deviation in the Poisson distribution decreases in comparison to the mean when considering expected rate variation.
Variation among branches of the same tree in ITS sequence evolution (coefficient of variation in mean rate) was not correlated with log (PIC: P = 0.23, non-PIC: P = 0.43, Figure 1c) nor with ε2 (PIC: P = 0.62, non-PIC: P = 0.83, Figure 1d), suggesting that neither increased speciation nor extinction events introduced increased deviations from the background pace of non-coding molecular evolution.
Distance parameters were also measured using PAUP 4.0b10 by NJ with default characteristics (mean character difference and among site rate variation).
So the pattern of about half of the qualitative rate comparisons showing a faster substitution rate for annuals is consistent with random variation about a mean rate difference of zero.
Chains were stopped when the maximum discrepancy in bipartition frequencies and several additional summary variables (including the alpha parameter for across-site rate variation, tree length, mean posterior log-likelihood) between the two chains dropped below 0.1, and the effective sizes of the summary variables were all more than 100, as recommended by the authors.
We used the WAG substitution frequency matrix [ 66] with among-sites rate variation modelled by means of a discrete distribution with four equally probable categories.
We used the JTT substitution frequency matrix with among-sites rate variation modelled by means of a discrete γ distribution with four equally probable categories.
We used the WAG substitution frequency matrix [ 33] with among-sites rate variation modelled by means of a discrete g distribution with four equally probable categories.
