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Presenteeism equivalent to at least 1 day lost was reported by 348 (29.9% of those reporting headache and 12.9% of the total sample), who recorded 1,256 days lost in total (mean per person: 3.61 ± 3.51; median: 3; inter-quartile range 1 4) (Figure 4).
Absenteeism was reported by 40 (3.4% of those reporting headache and 1.48% of the total sample), who recorded 74 days lost in total, a mean per person of 1.85 ± 1.17 (median: 1; IQR: 1 2) (Figure 3). Figure 3 Distribution of absenteeism in the preceding 30 days among the workforce sample (N = 2,691) in the second survey.
Table 2 shows the monthly mean per person consumption (quantities) of the three tobacco products among tobacco consuming households.
Model 4 improved the accuracy of the predictions by around £65 (deviation from model 4 subtracted from deviation when using simple geometric mean) per person compared to the single valued geometric mean.
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Per capita means per person.
Mean per-person annual costs were €1222, with 93% of these costs attributed to indirect costs.
Mean per-person annual costs were €1,222 for migraine, €303 for tension-type headache.
The mean per-person costs are then extrapolated to the whole population with relevant epidemiological data.
As a result, mean per-person lost times from paid work attributable to migraine were 4.5% in males and 3.5% in females.
As regards EM, the mean per-person annual cost was €1222, with an important variability between European countries: in Italy €1034, Austria €885, Lithuania €297, Luxembourg €1446, Netherlands €1524 and Spain €1425.
Medication overuse headache has detrimental effects on patients' quality of life and it places a high economic burden on society [1, 2].The recently published findings of the Eurolight project show that the mean per-person annual costs of MOH are 3 times higher than those of migraine and 10 times higher than those of tension-type headache [8].
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