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The minimum, maximum, and mean normalized hamming distances are shown in Table 9.
The minimum, maximum, and mean normalized hamming distances for 800 tampered image pairs are shown in Table 6.
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The performance of the proposed distance formula in comparison with the normalized Hamming, normalized Hamming based on the Hausdorff metric, normalized Euclidean and the signed distances is evaluated.
Fig. 8 The histogram of the normalized hamming distance for different image pairs.
It can also be observed that for same Photoshop scale the normalized hamming distances are different.
The normalized Hamming distance (7) was developed to avoid this occurrence.
For evaluating the result, we have used normalized hamming distance [12].
Table 3 also shows the normalized hamming distance for Lena image.
Figure 10h, i shows that all the normalized hamming distances are less than the predetermined threshold.
The histogram of the normalized hamming distance is shown in Fig. 7.
A normalized Hamming window was used as the smoothing window in this study.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com