Given that the deleterious mutation rate λ is likely to decrease with the overall mutation rate, we would expect influenza B to carry a lower mean mutation load and further to have lower fitness variance.
However, the modeling results indicate that, even though transformation via eDNA is expected to increase the mean mutation load and hence decrease the average fitness of a population, it nevertheless can stop Muller's ratchet.
The average mutation load per patient was the same.
There was a significant correlation between the urinary mutation load (mean: 62 ± 20%, range: 22 90%) and disease burden (NMDAS mean score: 18 ± 11, range: 2 42) among patients (r = 0.59, P < 0.02).
After controlling for Froh, the mean partial correlations (across Ne) between the homozygous mutation load and Fh (r ¯ p = 0.07), Falt (r ¯ p = 0.15), and Fped (r ¯ p = 0.09) are all low, but the reverse is not true: Partial correlations between the homozygous mutation load and Froh remain high after controlling for Fh (r ¯ p = 0.57), Falt (r ¯ p = 0.50), and Fped (r ¯ p = 0.68).
We have rewritten the Materials and methods section accordingly ("At a transmission event, the number of non-antigenic mutations was drawn from a Poisson distribution with mean l which resulted in a stable deleterious mutation load over time". 5) There is still a lack of clarity and the role of competition between antigenic variants in the model.
Oxidative DNA damage is a major source of mutation load in living organisms by means of damaging DNA, proteins and membranes of cells [ 50].
For intermediate and high mutation rates, the average absolute mutation loads across all age classes were 0.438 and 1.07, respectively.
From these replicate simulations, we were able to determine the mean and standard error of the female preference, male somatic quality, relative male somatic quality, male gamete mutation load, and relative male gamete mutation load for each male age class.
To obtain insight into the mutation load in specific genes ensuing differentiation and proliferation in SCs, we mapped our mutations to expression data generated by the FANTOM5 project28.
p53 mutations are frequent in tobacco-related cancers and the mutation load is often higher in cancers from smokers than from nonsmokers.
