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Mean muscle force values and the 95% CI from the current study and mean muscle force values from studies by Bohannon and Andrews are presented in Tables 7 and 8. Comparison of Dutch mean muscle force values to those from Bohannon and Andrews [ 3, 9] revealed that an significant difference exists between reference muscle force values between different populations.
Comparison of data for the Dutch population mean muscle force values with those from the USA revealed important differences between muscle force reference values for the American and Dutch populations.
Comparison of the Dutch mean muscle force values to those published by Bohannon and Andrews revealed significant differences between reference values for muscle force values between the assessed populations.
Tables 4 and 5 illustrate the mean muscle force values for reference values from elbow flexion and extension, knee flexion and extension, and shoulder abduction stratified by age groups, gender, and dominance.
For females, mean muscle force values of Bohannon and Andrews were lower for elbow flexion and extension than those in the present study with the exception of elbow extension, non-dominant for age group 30 to 39 (Bohannon) and 50 to 59 (Andrews) years.
Comparison indicates that, for males, mean muscle force values of Bohannon and Andrews are greater than those of the current study except for elbow flexion of the dominant and non-dominant sides in which only the age group 50 59 years exhibits greater values.
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The exoskeletal device increased both peak and mean muscle forces in the torso extensor muscles (p < 0.001).
Dependent measures of peak and mean muscle forces in ten trunk muscles and peak and mean spinal loads were examined utilizing a dynamic electromyography-assisted spine model.
The ratio of the mean peak muscle force to the mean peak push force during the dispensing cycle was approximately 2.3, which is comparable to values observed in grasping tasks in the literature.
Muscle contractile properties were tested in terms of muscle specific force, which was measured at 25°C and calculated by dividing maximum isometric tetanic force by mean muscle cross-sectional area.
In these cases building multiple models from the same individual with different musculature ratios would be more informative than choosing among the available means of estimates of masticatory muscle force to build a single model.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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