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For a fixed distance from the junction (100 bps) the mean methylation rate of each individual 5′UTR and its corresponding coding region was computed.
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The mean of the methylation rate over the 19 informative sites provided a "site based estimate" (SBE) of methylation for each sample.
The introduction of this normalization step significantly improved the estimate of methylation rate reducing the mean bias to −1.02 (Fig. 2c right panel; limits of agreement from −2.71 to 0.66).
The observed changes in mean methylation, e.g., of an imprinted gene, could be due to an increased rate of single CpG methylation errors at random positions of each or most sperm or to allele methylation errors.
Intuitively, because the non-conversion rate (p 0 ) is substantial and on par with the mean methylation levels (Table 2), the fractional methylation levels at the face value could over-estimate the actual methylation levels.
If the methylation rate of the host genome is stable, we can estimate that the methylation rate of CpG sites in Alu elements is about 0.004% per million-year using the methylation density in our result, which means in another 10 million years, all the AluY will be fully methylated and silent as the presents AluJ.
MMF, mean methylation; d, effect size; Z, Mann Whitney U test statistic.
GATA binding protein 2. GATA binding protein 3. Mean methylation fraction.
Figure 2 DNA methylation rate trends for each primer pair across nine chronological ages.
The x axis is the chronological age, the y axis is the DNA methylation rate.
To make the result more closer with the sample's actual methylation level, we calculated the methylation rate by the following formula: total rate of methylation = Total number of methylation bands (Type I + Type II + Type III)/Total number of amplified bands (Type II + Type III + Type IV) × 100%.
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