Sentence examples for mean genotypic values from inspiring English sources

In our description of the genetic model, we follow Falconer's notation, in which the mean genotypic values of the A1A1, the A1A2, and A2A2 genotypes are denoted as +a, d, and −a, respectively.

As harvesting occurs, the mean genotypic values of all five life-history traits decrease – the higher the harvest intensity, the stronger these effects (Fig. 1A D).

We neglected mutations and nonadditive genetic effects in our model, which could replenish additive genetic variance and allow initial mean genotypic values to be restored.

First, our model makes consistent predictions for the evolution of the mean genotypic values of life-history traits under fishing pressure, namely reduced juvenile growth, increased reproductive investment and earlier maturation through a reduced PMRN intercept.

This further supports the interpretation that the evolutionary dynamics of at least the mean genotypic values of life-history traits are due to fisheries-induced selection, in agreement with new experimental results using guppies as model species (Van Wijk et al. 2013).

We also find that differences between the temporal trends of neutral and functional expected heterozygosity increase when fisheries-induced changes in the mean genotypic values of life-history traits are larger: the loss in genetic variability at neutral and functional loci is almost equal for most traits, except for the PMRN intercept.

The breeding value is defined as twice the difference between the mean genotypic value of the class's offspring and the population mean, and can be derived separately for males and females (Spencer 2002).

An additional 119 individuals who had a minimum of four genotypes of the six SNPs in stage 2 were included in this analysis (n = 2676) using a missing data option that substituted the population mean genotypic value for missing SNPs.

An analysis of variance [ 62] was applied to the phenotypic measurements to generate a least-square mean genotypic value for each individual that was used for subsequent QTL analysis.

Knowing the genotypic value A x (i) of any trait x(i) for each individual i, the population's mean genotypic value and additive genetic variance VA x) are directly calculated from the population composition in each year, and the heritability h(x) is obtained as (10) (see, e.g. Lynch and Walsh 1998).

Thus, assuming additive inheritance, the genotypic value of individual i in any breed group can be modeled as (1) where μ is the mean genotypic value in the reference breed group, and, represent, respectively, the additive effects of the paternal and maternal alleles that individual i inherited at locus t (t = 1,..., n).