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However, a 10 1 ratio of A. vitis F2/5 pT2TFXK):pathogen caused a statistically significant reduction in mean gall size relative to the TFX non-producing controls on N. glauca stems for all three tested tumorigenic strains (Figs. 3 and 4).
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We conducted quantitative analyses on the following independent variables: host plant architecture, latitude, gall size, gall type and gall maker taxon.
We examined the effects of various explanatory variables on parasitoid ASR: the ovipositor length (a species level functional trait), resource amount (gall size) and density (local scale) as well as habitat amount, land use and landscape history (landscape scale).
A 1 1 ratio of F2/5 pT2TFXK CG49 or F2/5 (pT2TFXK): CG78 did not affect either incidence of galls or reduce gall size.
F2/5 pT2TFXK) inhibited gall size by more than 70% with third tumorigenic strain tested.
When F2/5 pT2TFXK) is co-inoculated with CG49 at a 10 1 ratio, the incidence of gall formation does not decline but gall size decreases by more than 70%.
A 1 1 ratio of F2/5 pT2TFXK CG435 also resulted in a significant reduction in gall size and in gall incidence compared to controls.
The inferred host switch of an ancestor of K. rodwayi apparently resulted in a loss of soldiers (sociality), the retention of small gall size, small brood sizes similar to social species, and adult eclosion in the gall before dispersal [ 63].
Similarly, there was no relationship between the proportion of soldiers in a mature colony and gall size.
Examples include birth weight in humans (Karn and Penrose 1952) and gall size produced by Eurosta solidaginis flies (Weis et al. 1992).
Similarly, an excess (a 1 10 ratio) of any of the virulent strains to F2/5 pT2TFXK) resulted in a high incidence of disease and large gall size.
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