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The outputs of proposed predictive theoretical model for the Pentagon and Cross tubes were compared reasonably well with the mean force values calculated through numerical method.
Both mean force values and standard deviations were analyzed using MATLAB's "ttest2" function (MATLAB version R2013a).
Confidence intervals (95%, α = 0.05) were also calculated for the differences between mean force values and mean standard deviations.
Statistical results comparing differences between mean force values and standard deviations across all test points, for a given device, are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Mean force values in these tables were calculated as the mean of all 39 force values for each device.
Table 1 presents mean force values and standard deviations for all methods of fixation at each test point, as well as an average of test point means for each method.
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Mean muscle force values and the 95% CI from the current study and mean muscle force values from studies by Bohannon and Andrews are presented in Tables 7 and 8. Comparison of Dutch mean muscle force values to those from Bohannon and Andrews [ 3, 9] revealed that an significant difference exists between reference muscle force values between different populations.
On the stiffer (18 kPa) gels, the mean traction force values shifted to 700 Pa ,540 Pa, and 580 Pa, respectively, and knockdown of either subunit rendered cells unable to generate tractional forces >1.2 kPa.
The relative time to peak force was expressed as a percentage of the stance phase duration and mean peak force values were calculated.
Comparison of the Dutch mean muscle force values to those published by Bohannon and Andrews revealed significant differences between reference values for muscle force values between the assessed populations.
Comparison of data for the Dutch population mean muscle force values with those from the USA revealed important differences between muscle force reference values for the American and Dutch populations.
Tables 4 and 5 illustrate the mean muscle force values for reference values from elbow flexion and extension, knee flexion and extension, and shoulder abduction stratified by age groups, gender, and dominance.
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