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We observe good agreement between our calculations of mean flow quantities and both reference computations and experimental data.
In turbulence applications, strongly imposed no-slip conditions often lead to inaccurate mean flow quantities for coarse boundary-layer meshes.
However, on uniform meshes that are incapable of resolving boundary layers, weakly imposed boundary conditions deliver significantly more accurate mean flow quantities than their strong counterparts.
The particle method also incorporates a variance-reduction technique which can significantly reduce statistical error in first and second moments of selected mean flow quantities.
It is shown that it is required to account for non-orthogonality effects in the discretization of the diffusion terms and that the turbulence quantities transport equations can deteriorate the order of grid convergence of mean flow quantities.
In general, quantitative comparison with the experimental data has revealed that, by applying proper models of inter-phase momentum transfer, and performing simulations based on the two-fluid model, satisfactory predictions of mean flow quantities can be obtained for this application away from the injector.
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As extinction is approached the equations for mean flow and turbulence quantities reduce to the corresponding equations for an inert counterflow.
In combination with this special modelling approach for the stirrer, the accuracy of three ad hoc applicable k ε turbulence models in predicting mean flow and turbulence quantities is tested with the aid of three-dimensional simulations.
Furthermore, it is demonstrated that turbulence dampening has to be accounted for in the k ω model to qualitatively reproduce the mean flow and turbulence quantities from the experiment.
Its name means flowing water in Māori.
Mean flow and heat transfer quantities, turbulent fluxes and flow structures were analyzed.
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