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After NiO was reduced to Ni using H2, the mean flow pore size of various micro-monolithic anode substrates was tested using a gas-liquid displacement (bubble point) porosimeter.
The unique hierarchical pore structure, together with the microstructure from the phase inversion process, provided the micro-monolithic anode with superior gas transport, while the mean flow pore size remained comparable, which subsequently decreased concentration overpotential.
Various micro-monolithic samples showed a similar mean flow pore size in the sponge region as their conventional single-channel counterparts, which is approximately 0.33 ± 0.02 µm (Supplementary Fig. 4).
Under high humidification, decreasing the MPL mean flow pore diameter to 3 μm is effective for the prevention of flooding and enhancement of PEFC performance.
When the polymer binder concentration is increased from 16 wt% to 30 wt%, the maximum micro-channel diameter is almost halved (from 29 to 15 µm), and the radial length is 60% longer, whereas the mean flow pore size in the sponge-like layer is increased from approximately 288 to 422 nm.
The MPL with CNTs is also effective at expelling excess water from the catalyst layer while maintaining oxygen flow pathways from the GDL substrate, allowing the mean flow pore diameter to be decreased to 2 μm without reducing the ability of the MPL to prevent flooding under high humidity conditions.
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The studies carried out in the present work showed that: (i) the CFP data remained practically independent of the membrane thickness and tortuosity, (ii) it measured the most constricted diameter of a pore independent of pore-architecture, and (iii) mean flow pore-diameters data were highly reproducible (±5%).
Internal mean flow within the pores of a bulk-reacting porous acoustic absorbent, driven by mean static pressure gradients, is shown here to be an important feature of the acoustics of dissipative silencers in flow ducts, particularly in the case of internal combustion engine exhaust silencers.
In contrast, the topology of the bed plays a crucial role in determining the mean flow velocity through a given pore.
The experimental results illustrate the pore size and the mean flow rate through the plain geotextiles increase with the increase in tensile strain.
Mean flow velocity.
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