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RSM can capture well all the mean flow characteristics and the standard k ε model fails to simulate the mean flow associated with the strong swirl.
The dependence of the results on turbulence modeling has also been analyzed, drawing interesting conclusions regarding their influence on the liquid sheet mean flow characteristics and on the surrounding gas.
Together with the mean flow characteristics, the important turbulence statistics, such as all components of the Reynolds stress tensor and the spanwise component of the vorticity field, were obtained and compared to DNS results.
The comparisons dictate that the RAST model can accurately produce the mean flow characteristics that are in good agreement with existing experimental data, especially at the near wake of cylinder.
The experimental data show the strong effect of the geometric swirl number on mean flow characteristics, in particular with respect to vortex core size and the magnitude of the maximum tangential velocity.
While RANS is commonly used to provide mean flow characteristics of turbulent airflows, KS is able to generate an artificial fluctuating velocity field that satisfies both the flow continuity condition and the specific energy spectra of atmospheric turbulence.
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Mean flow aerodynamic characteristics of the ACV are presented and discussed in terms of lift and drag forces, factors contributing to the drag, flow separations and singular points in the streamline patterns.
In particular the influence of the mean grazing flow characteristics as well as the orifice's (edge) geometry is examined.
A comparison of the mean and instantaneous flow characteristics shows that the flow undergoes significant variations with time such that the concept of a mean flow that consists of a shear layer, a separation bubble and reattachment may be of limited physical significance.
A previously developed hot-wire technique was used to obtain both mean and instantaneous flow characteristics.
Three principal noise-producing regions are identified and their mean flow and turbulence characteristics classified from published data.
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