Sentence examples for mean fitness effect from inspiring English sources
One illustration of this is the large variability in fitness estimates for mutations in a single species using two methods: in VSV earlier estimates (using Bateman-Mukai estimates) predicted a 0.002 mean fitness effect per mutation, while more recent and accurate estimates (which introduced each mutation individually) brought the estimate it to 14% (a 70-fold difference).
The mean fitness effect, E(a), is equal to β / α.
A high mean fitness effect of IS movements can be achieved by either IS-induced mutations carrying higher fitness benefits or higher rates of beneficial mutations.
However, if the mean fitness effect on their hosts is negative, a given family of IS elements may still go extinct eventually.
Across all genetic backgrounds, K43N was more costly on average than K88R (mean fitness effect ± s.d.-K43N -0.11 ±0.07; K88R:-0.01 ±0.04; Figure 3a,b).
First, we asked if there was a correlation between the effect of the initial gene deletion and the mean fitness effect of the secondary mutations.
However, part of the mutation produced by transposable elements might affect genes useless in laboratory conditions and will therefore be taken into account in the calculation of mean fitness effects of mutations even if they do not affect any phenotype in the laboratory environment.
Classic methods for analyzing mutation-accumulation data assume equal unidirectional mutation effects and so only give estimates of mutation rates and mean fitness-effect size.
As expected, the average fitness of the hypermutator populations decreased significantly over time, indicating that the average effect of spontaneous mutations was deleterious and that recurrent population bottlenecks inhibited the action of natural selection (mean mutational fitness effect = −0.16%).
Positive interaction means that the fitness effect of the double mutants is less than that expected from the two single mutations.
Both cross type and the interaction between mating system category and cross type had significant effects on mean fitness (Table 2).
