Step 3. In the third step, we analyze the normalized mean error ranges between each pair of nodes.
The mean absolute error for the surface material identification amounts to less than 8% and for indicator calculation the mean errors range between 3 and 11%.
Results show that all the methods present a good performance in the estimation of the I V curve of a concentrator, with an average RMSE (root mean square error) ranging from 1.15% to 5.23%, and an average MBE (mean bias error) close to 0%.
Area-based models were accurate for all structural attributes, with cross-validated average root mean squared error ranging from ∼3.4 to ∼13.4 in the best modeling case.
An evaluation of the model performance based on statistical rules yielded time-averaged Coefficient of Determination, Root Mean Squared Error and the Mean Absolute Error ranging from 0.9945 0.9990, 0.0466 0.1117, and 0.0013 0.0130, respectively for individual stations.
The analysis of results shows that the method accurately predicts the I V curve of a HCPV module for a wide range of atmospheric operating conditions with a RMSE (root mean square error) ranging from 0.19% to 1.66% and a MBE (mean bias error) ranging from −0.38% to 0.40%.
The model achieved a mean square error ranging from 5.7% to 15.33%.
Results showed that the new calibrated NDVImax perform well, with a Mean Absolute Error ranging between 2.8 °C and 4 °C.
Error analysis showed that lighting electricity use had the smallest errors, from 0.2% under-estimation to 3.6% over-estimation, with the coefficient of variation of the root mean square error ranging from 3%to5.6%6%.
An unpublished validation study evaluating the insoles under simulated field situations (standing, walking, lifting, catching an object and kneeling) showed that the system has a root-mean-square error ranging from 6.6 to 17.7% when comparing estimated forces to the "truth" registered by using a force plate reference system (AMTI LG6-4-1, Watertown, MA, USA).
