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The mean entrainment coefficient depends on the mean RiB by −1 power law for z⩽Hf.
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W s is the settling velocity of the particles from the base of the dilute layer, E is the entrainment coefficient, (tau _{mathrm {m}}^) is the interfacial shear drag, and (tau _{mathrm {b}}^) is basal resistance of the dense layer.
where ρ a0 is the reference density of the surrounding atmosphere (kg m−3), g ′ the reduced gravity at the source (m s−2), α is the radial entrainment coefficient, (bar {N}) is the average buoyancy frequency (s −1), H is the plume height (m above the vent), β is the wind entrainment coefficient and (bar {v}) the average wind velocity across the plume height (m s−1).
The large uncertainty in the wind entrainment coefficient k w results in an inability to place tight constraints on the source mass flux Q0, and history matching allows us to quantify this uncertainty.
The entrainment coefficient characteristic by ceiling jet was also described.
When magma discharge rate is fixed, the plume height increases as assumed entrainment coefficient decreases.
At the DME-dominated regime, the dependence of flame entrainment coefficient (Ce) on H2 addition was rather small.
In this model entrainment velocities are represented as (5 where Uw is the wind velocity, θ is a coordinate expressing the inclination of the plume centerline with respect to the horizon, and β is an entrainment coefficient related to wind-caused entrainment.
The results shown in Fig. 6 indicate an enhanced efficiency of turbulent mixing that is caused by a wind-derived increase in entrainment coefficient values.
The air entrainment ratio Cα is proposed in the correlation to predict the maximum ceiling temperature based on previous plume theory, considering the low pressure effect and entrainment coefficient.
The evaluation of the mitigation effect for an industrial installation requires the scaling of the entrainment coefficient experimentally determined from wind tunnel testing.
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