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The estimated mean effective paternity values for species in the Vespula rufa group were moderate, varying between 1.5 and 2.1 (Table 1), and similar to V. rufa, which has a mean effective paternity of 1.5 [ 57].
We recorded the arithmetic mean number of patrilines per colony and used harmonic mean effective paternity to calculate intracolony genetic similarity (r).
Similar(58)
The high average effective paternity of Vespula flavopilosa (~3.1) is similar to other members of the Vespula vulgaris group, though lower than other large-colony species in eastern North America [ 30].
k e3 : harmonic mean (95% CI) of effective paternity corrected for sample size [ 37].
k e : harmonic mean (95% CI) of the uncorrected estimate of effective paternity.
"Well-meaning and well-intentioned doesn't mean effective".
MEAN_SRC_EXP Mean effective area in cm**2.
Mean effective.
We found moderate multiple paternity in four small-colony Vespula rufa-group species (effective paternity 1.5 – 2.1), and higher multiple paternity in the large-colony Vespula flavopilosa (effective paternity ~3.1).
We next calculated the effective paternity (k e 3) for workers using the method of Nielsen et al. [ 43].
Two types of error non-detection and non-sampling of fatherror non-detectionn inandurate estimation of effective paternity [ 7].
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