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With the exception of Glycine and the MRCA of Glycine and Phaseolus, the mean divergence date summarized across individual genes is older than the mean divergence date estimated under the combined mixed model analysis.
The 10,000,000 samples were then summarized to estimate mean divergence date and associated 95% credibility intervals.
Mean divergence date estimates for the split between the chimpanzee and human head/body lice (Pediculus schaeffi and Pediculus humanus, respectively) averaged 6.39 MYA.
Mean divergence date estimates (in millions of years) for the clades shown in Figure 3 (see Figure 3 for clade numbers).
The histone tree is instead calibrated using a mean divergence date between annual and perennial Glycine subgenera of 5.25 mya, an average estimated from the divergence dates of several low copy nuclear genes from G. max and G. tomentella D3 (Egan and Doyle 2010; Innes et al. 2008).
Mean divergence date estimates using 20 MYA and 25 MYA calibration points for the split between Old World and Anthropoid primate lice using the Langley Fitch model in r8s are indicated in the final four columns for the Cox1+EF1α combined analysis and the Cox1 gene alone.
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Mean estimates of divergence times were younger and 95% HPDs were wider than those based on the mtDNA data, but supported a relatively ancient divergence between P. sprousei and P. reddelli, a probable origin of P. reddelli near the beginning of the Pleistocene, and range-wide diversification within P. reddelli entirely within the Pleistocene, based on mean estimated divergence dates.
However, differences between mean estimated divergence dates within P. reddelli were relatively minor, ranging from 0.5 Ma (at the most recent common ancestor of P. reddelli) to 0.03 Ma (at the most recent common ancestor of the Marble Falls population), and all were within the Pleistocene (Table 4).
This distribution is the superposition of an unimodal distribution A and a pulse-like distribution B. For a single splitting event and constant evolutionary rate, d inter of orthologous alleles should be close to a normal distribution with the mean value corresponding to the divergence date.
Given the incompleteness of the marsupial fossil record (particularly in Australasia), the mean estimates for divergence dates used here were taken from recent molecular studies.
These dates also partially overlap with the divergence date we obtained (range of posterior means across methods: 2.4 3.1 Ma).
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