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A positive mean difference indicated a decrease in lung function after the walk compared with before the walk.
25 Effect sizes were aligned across studies so that a negative standardised mean difference indicated more emotional distress (depression or anxiety) in the subsequently not pregnant group.
An additional assessment of exposure duration (hours), within high- and low-density air ion levels, and each study's score mean difference indicated no evidence of a dose response relationship.
The items were ranked according to the mean difference of each item score, and a greater mean difference indicated more sensitive to reflect the changes after treatment (table 5).
A negative standardized mean difference indicated that the participants assigned to inhaled corticosteroids had lower cell counts compared with placebo at the end of the study phase; whereas a positive number denoted increased cell count relative to the control group.
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In this case, the ADHD group had a high mean difference, indicating they believe to have better school performance compared with their parents' reports.
Bland and Altman plot shows that zero lies within the 95% CI of the mean difference, indicating that no bias had occurred.
The treatment is an intervention for promoting physical activity and the outcome data are standardised mean differences, where a positive mean difference indicates that the intervention has a positive effect on promoting physical activity.
A total of 3.3% of values fell outside 2SD above the mean difference and 1.5% fell outside 2SD below the mean difference, indicating that when disagreement of two definitions occurred, there were more instances in which DAS28 (CRP) was lower than DAS28 (ESR) compared with instances in which it was higher.
Negative signs in mean difference indicate proxy-report scores being lower; LOA = Bland-Altman 95% Limits of Agreement This article describes the psychometric properties of the Hungarian version of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scale and the PedsQL™ 3.0 Cardiac Module.
* Negative mean differences indicate a decline in the MNA score.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com