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The mean detection distance under different road lighting intensities is shown in Fig. 3.
Open image in new window Fig. 3 The mean detection distance of all drivers under different road lighting intensities.
For example, 71% of the road lighting intensity (5179 lm) resulted in a shorter mean detection distance than 49%.
Based on Fig. 3, under full and medium road lighting intensities, there seems to be the only small difference in the mean detection distance due to the presence or absence of glare.
Across our sampling sites, the mean detection distance for large prey and background vegetation edge was significantly different between populations; bats occupying more open habitats have lower RF's and thus longer detection distances than those in more cluttered habitats, allowing them to detect larger prey or background targets at greater distances.
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To better understand the effects of vegetation cover on variation in echolocation frequencies we calculated the mean detection distances for prey and vertical background targets (e.g. leafy vegetation edge) for each population according to the method developed in Stilz and Schnitzler [ 110].
Alternatively, 20 to 60 kHz is the peak frequency range used by most echolocating bats [21], because the frequency dependent effects of atmospheric attenuation and target strength mean that detection distance and target resolution is optimized within this frequency range [74].
We included this buffer as a conservative means to account for detection distance of predators by prey.
Over various conditions, the average distance at which detection by the pilot occurred ("detection distance") was from 5.5 to 8.7 km.
The dependent variable was detection distance.
The dependent variable was the detection distance.
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