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†Comparator strategy has lower cost and better health outcome for example, risk stratification with CRP is associated with lower mean QALYs and higher mean costs compared with risk stratification with eGFR. Figure 2 plots the difference in the assigned day of coronary artery bypass grafting between non-dominated prioritisation strategies.
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Table 4 shows mean incremental QALYs and mean incremental costs compared with treatment as usual.
Rehabilitation cost analysis showed low back claims had higher mean rehabilitation costs compared with other injuries ($388 vs $338 , P<.05.
Similarly, a cost minimisation analysis of XELOX vs FOLFOX-6 showed that XELOX is associated with significantly reduced mean disease management costs compared with FOLFOX-6 (€12918 vs €17226; P<0.001).
In addition, the mean costs were compared through the t-student test for independent samples, with a 95% significance level.
In the GLM, cases had 2.39 times greater total adjusted mean all-cause PPPM costs compared to the comparison group ($4,956 vs. $1,735 respectively; P < 0.001).
In a generalized linear model with negative binomial distribution that controlled for age, race, Charlson score, comorbid alcoholic cirrhosis, and HBV, cases had 2.39 times greater total adjusted mean all-cause PPPM costs compared to comparison group patients (Table 5) ($4,956 vs. $1,735 respectively; P < 0.001), which is slightly lower than our unadjusted estimate (2.85 or $4,937 / $1,730).
The mean consultation cost was lowest for pharmacy participants and the mean incremental cost (compared with pharmacy) was estimated to be £113.62 (95% CI: £81.78 £145.47) for ED and £57.04 (95% CI: £34.95 £79.12) for general practice (17).
After adjusting for age, gender, baseline EQ-5D-3L score and type of ailment, the mean cost was estimated to be lowest for pharmacy participants; mean (95% CI) incremental costs (compared with pharmacy) were estimated to be £57.04 £34.955 to £79.12; general practice; p<0.001) and £113.63 (£81.78 to £145.47; ED; p<0.001).
We estimate that the baseline risk for patients in our placebo arm was ∼17% per annum, nearly twice as high as the annual risk for high-risk patients in HPS (∼9%), this coupled with higher cost reduction in HPS (22% reduction in hospital costs compared with 13%) means that the HPS ICER of £4500 is approximately consistent with our ICER of £1840.
For this analysis, cost variables were categorized as appropriate and mean cost was compared between the categories of independent variables.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com