Cost-effectiveness will be then explored through the calculation of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER), defined as the difference in mean costs divided by difference in mean effects.
Cost-utility is explored through the calculation of incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR), defined as the difference in mean costs divided by difference in mean QALYs [ 55].
Cost-effectiveness was then explored through the calculation of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER), defined as the difference in mean costs divided by difference in mean effects [ 20].
Cost effectiveness was assessed based on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, defined as the group difference in mean costs divided by the group difference in utility.
Subsequently, as suggested in the literature [ 23, 24], cost against health benefit was explored through the estimation of Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER), described as the difference in mean costs divided by the difference in mean QALYs between two interventions.
Results were reported as the mean of outcomes across the 50 parameter sets, and ICERs were calculated as the incremental mean costs divided by the incremental mean effects of two strategies (Stinnett and Paltiel, 1997).
Estimate the ICER on the basis of the bootstrap sample constructed in part a (say ICER i ), as the difference between treatment and control groups in mean costs, divided by the difference in mean outcomes.
At 28 days, the overall incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), calculated as the difference in adjusted mean costs divided by the difference in adjusted mean QALYs, and showing the cost per QALY gained from laparoscopic, compared to open surgery, was £12,375.
The ICER measures the relative value of 2 strategies and is calculated as the mean incremental cost divided by the mean incremental benefits.
