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Their calculated mean angle and their corresponding error bars are shown in dark blue for ATH and red for FVM.
Results are presented in a graph form as functions either of the fiber length or loss for the varied thickness and depth of the fiber׳s intermediate layer (inner cladding), fiber׳s coupling strength, and input beam (mean angle and width).
They described these helices with two parameters, the so-called mean angle and tilt angle of the fibers, and found that if these didn't change as the cell shrunk due to lowering humidity, the cell would have to respond by taking on its own spiral shape.
In all these directions the mean angle and angular velocity was calculated.
The mean resultant vector length (referred to hereafter as simply "vector length") of the phase distribution, bound between zero and one (the closer to one, the more concentrated the angles), was used to quantify the level of phase-locking around the mean angle, and differences between the vector lengths of 2 groups were tested by the Mann–Whitney U-test.
Similar(55)
This formulation allows for evaluation of the rotamer probabilities, mean angles, and variances as a smooth and continuous function of phi and psi.
Phase histograms, mean angles, and mean vector lengths were calculated by the means of circular statistics methods (Fisher 1993; Hurtado et al. 2004).
A total of six 3 µm x 3 µm images from different locations were obtained from each sample and analysed to measure the fibril diameter of, and mean angle between, 5 and 10 fibrils within each image (Fig. 1) using Gwyddion v2.23 SPM Data Visualisation and Analysis software (open-source software for SPM data analysis, available at http://gwyddion.net/).net/
We found the mean alpha angle and mean AOR to be similar in normal males and females, which is interesting given that most patients with cam impingement are male (Beck et al. 2005).
At the central region, the mean angle between FCL and FAA was < 1° with standard deviation of around 1.5°.
where is the relative antenna spacing between adjacent antennas (measured in number of wavelengths) of the linear array of antennas at the destination, is the mean angle of arrival, and is the destination angular spread.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com