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Again, it is assumed that under fault-free conditions the innovations have to follow a zero mean Gaussian distribution.
The relation between SAD and SSD can be expressed as (23) where α is approximately 1.25 for the residuals with zero mean Gaussian distribution.
In essence, as assumed in [3 9], the LOS errors are treated as measurement noise in the receiver with zero mean Gaussian distribution and known variance.
Assume that the measurement noise in the LOS condition has a zero mean Gaussian distribution N ( 0, σ n 2 ), while the NLOS error is modeled as a biased Gaussian distribution N ( μ NLOS, σ NLOS 2 ) [3, 4, 7].
This error follows a zero mean Gaussian distribution and it is a product of electronic errors (electronic noise), since a PCB is used to quantify the RTT, and also of the RTT location estimator, since it is asymptotically Gaussian and a large amount of measurements have been carried out.
The analysis of residuals confirmed the validity of the model: they had zero mean, Gaussian distribution (confirmed by statistical tests of Jarque-Bera and Lilliefors) and were independent (hypothesis confirmed by Runs Test).
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The channel response of each antenna is independent and identically distributed zero-mean Gaussian distribution, which is a Rayleigh channel with a maximum Doppler shift f d.
We assume that speech and noise are statistically independent and follow zero-mean Gaussian distribution.
where is a reference distance and is a random variable with a zero-mean Gaussian distribution.
where denotes a zero-mean Gaussian distribution with covariance, and denotes the identity matrix.
Electronic errors are inherent to electronic devices and they are commonly modeled as a zero-mean Gaussian distribution.
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