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Analyses were restricted to school meals because only these meals were observed.
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In conclusion, impaired secretion of the incretin hormones may not be a constant finding, but a decreased secretion of GLP-1 after mixed meals is observed in most studies.
In this subgroup, a significant (P= 0·02) difference between the three meals was observed with a greater decrease in TNF-α concentration after the HFD meal ( − 0·68 pg/ml) compared with the other two meals (HFC meal: − 0·16 pg/ml, HFM meal: − 0·29 pg/ml).
The higher TG levels in people with normal weight 75 minutes after a high-fat meal intake, in comparison to a high-carbohydrate meal, were observed also by Raben et al. [ 15].
These results indicated an improvement in the postprandial hyperglycemia without any changes in the total amount of secreted insulin; moreover, an increase in GLP-1 levels and an inhibition of glucagon secretion after the meal were observed.
Clinkerization of the raw meal was observed by ex-situ experiments.
Results: No delay in the gastric emptying of the solid and liquid phases of the meal was observed with psyllium.
The decrease in the concentration of ghrelin after the meal was observed only in group III (0.47 ± 0.24 ng/ml).
For glucagon, only one systematic error, the overestimation of glucagon levels after the last meal, was observed.
The decrease in concentration of ghrelin after the meal was observed only in group III (0.47 ± 0.24 ng/ml).
A significant reduction in TNF-α concentration after the HFD meal was observed in the subgroup of subjects with BMI ≤ 25 kg/m.
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