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We estimated four metrics to characterise forest elephant home range: Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) size, Maximum Linear Displacement (MLD) defined as the longest axis of the MCP, 95% Fixed Kernel Home Range (95%KHR) size, and 50% Fixed Kernel Home Range (50%KHR) size which we equated with the core home range area.
Of the remaining covariates, only Site was significant for the models with response MCP size and MLD (however, the Generalized Cross Validation score indicated that the Site variable should not be included).
Knockdown of dla also increases the mCP size significantly (4600 µm±630 s.e.m. p = 0.02), but this effect is much less consistent than the effect of dld (Fig. 5I).
Including Number of days collared as an offset variable gave improved models for the responses MCP size and 95%KHR size (see supporting information for details of the model diagnostics).
The notch1b, dla, and dld-targeted mopholinos increase the size of the mCP similar to the DAPT treatment, while other Notch and Notch ligand-targeting morpholinos did not significantly alter mCP size.
DAPT treatment resulted in a dramatic increase in mCP size in EtMn16 larvae [from a mean of 3200 µm±160 s.e.m. in vehicle-treated EtMn16 to a mean size of 5000 µm±150 s.e.m. (p = 1.98*10−11) in DAPT-treated larvae (Fig. 5H)].
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The MCPs' size increased from nanorods to microrods and ultimately became macrorods (shown in Figure 4a, b, c) with the increase in crystallization time.
We are not aware of any other study that has quantified MCP home range sizes of bees, but depending on caste (worker, queen, male) and species (solitary, social), home range size should vary widely.
We used the minimum convex polygon [MCP] method [41] and estimated MCP home range sizes in ArcView GIS (see below).
The estimated MCP home range sizes varied from 0.25 43.53 ha (Table 1) and indicated that bumblebee individuals can use large areas for foraging, even within a few days(Figure 3b).
For male euglossine bees, which are known to fly very long distances (up to 24 km, [16], [24]), Wikelski et al. [16] estimated MCP home range sizes of 4 700 ha (mean±SD: 45±40 ha) in a rainforest environment in Panama.
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