A representative image of the ambulatory behavior in the elevated-plus-maze is shown for the three groups (Fig. 1H).
Prior to building their mazes, participants were shown a list of the materials they could use to build their maze (i.e., aluminum foil, craft sticks, and construction paper) and introduced to the problem constraints such as, limited to five materials, 12 inches of tape, and 10 min of building time.
Water maze trained mice were shown to up-regulate insulin signaling in the hippocampus [ 81].
Alzheimer's treatment drug such as piracetam and pramiracetam, were shown to improve learning, memory and cognition in Morris water maze, Y-maze and object recognition test [38].
The results of water maze training are shown in Figure 1(a).
The Morris water maze has been shown to detect subtle but significant changes in cognitive function in weanling rats exposed to developmental neurotoxicants (Jett et al. 1997, 2001; Markwiese et al. 1998), and training in this task induces experience-dependent dendritic growth (Greenough et al. 1979).
A form of individual difference, sex/gender, is another area where mixed results have been observed in the water maze and have been shown to depend on strain and volumetric brain differences, including the hippocampus and its subregions, prefrontal cortex areas and the amygdala.
Y-maze analysis has been shown to be a reliable, noninvasive test to determine cognitive changes in Wistar rat through the measurement of the spontaneous alternation behavior in the Y-maze task [ 24].
In a maze-like structure, Shakira is shown running in a large golden frock, trying to find her way.
