Although these exposures were significantly and positively associated with age (r2 values of 0.56 and 0.61 respectively), the method of capturing and calculating exposure may well have attenuated potential associations.
However, the magnitude of GLP-1 secretion is dependent on the rate (31) and load (32) of nutrient entry to the small intestine, so that the slowing of gastric emptying induced by the d-xylose preload may well have attenuated the component of the postprandial GLP-1 response attributable to the meal.
As insulin resistance increases further with increasing (over-) weight and the consequent increase in intramyocellular fat mass, 66 obesity in older age may well contribute to attenuated muscle anabolism and thus to the development of (sarcopenic) obesity (reviewed in Kob et al 27).
However, this cannot explain why well-known risk factors such as smoking and socio-economic status did not affect the relative risk, but the impact of diabetes as an independent risk factor may well be so strong as to attenuate the effect of other risk factors.
If it is the general case that specific aggregate-prone proteins can disrupt the proteostasis of the entire cell [ 40], then the circadian clock, via its widespread influence upon the proteome [ 24 ], may well be able to aggravate or attenuate aggregation-induced autophagy and susceptibility to mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular apoptosis.
Since PESP relies on the function of the SR, it may well be that the SR dysfunction in HF attenuates the ability of coupled pacing to increase contractility.
The observation that the effect was attenuated following adjustment for differential non-response indicates that the results may well be affected by residual confounding.
Hence, it may well be the case that, under certain stress conditions, PrxIV becomes over oxidized thereby attenuating peroxidase activity and allowing H2O2 to act as a signal for ER oxidative stress.
The physiological mechanisms mediating this response strategy may well link to the female nurturing and bonding hormone oxytocin, which is released in response to stressful events and attenuates the endocrine and autonomic stress response [36], [37].
