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Second, even confounders that are known and measured may violate model assumptions and lead to biased or imprecise estimates of effect (12).
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Following previous studies [ 47] we do not report log likelihood support values for our phenotype data as they may violate ClineFit's likelihood model assuming a genetic model with binomial variance.
Radiation hydrodynamics simulations based on a single fluid two-temperature model may violate the law of energy conservation, because the governing equations are expressed in a nonconservative formulation.
Choices made according to regret theory (RT) may violate the expected utility (EU) model.
Though the use of interview data may violate some assumptions of the occupancy modeling approach for determining 'proportion of area occupied', we countered these shortcomings through study design and interpreting the occupancy parameter, psi, as 'probability of habitat used'.
Calculating a population estimate using samples collected over the entire four-year study period may violate the assumption of closure in our models.
We analyzed the amino acid composition of the data set of 9,013 positions because heterogeneity in amino acid composition may violate the stationarity assumption made by most models of sequence evolution (Lockhart et al. 1994; Gowri-Shankar and Rattray 2006).
However, diabetes may violate the proportionality assumption required by the Cox model, leading to an inaccurate estimate of risk.
An objection on theoretical grounds is that responses obtained from choices comparing heath states to dead may violate the random utility theory underlying the DC model.
Insofar as people in the same household are more likely to have similar HRQOL than people in different households, this may violate the assumption of independence in our multivariate model.
Although this approach does not specifically model all possible scenarios that may violate the assumptions of the concatenated analysis, comparisons of results between this approach and concatenated analyses provides added perspective on the relative robustness of species-level phylogenetic inferences.
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