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For instance, under anaerobic conditions, the ArcA-ArcB system may upregulate genes for anaerobic respiration while downregulate genes for aerobic respiration and fermentation [33], [34].
A randomized placebo-controlled study on female patients illustrated that the supplementation of soy, which contains high amounts of isoflavones, may upregulate genes that drive cell cycle and proliferation pathways and therefore could adversely affect breast carcinogenesis [ 175].
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Decitabine may upregulate gene expression through both methylation-dependent and methylation-independent mechanisms [ 1, 2].
Meanwhile, the STRING analysis indicated that many DE gene encoded proteins could interact with CD14 and FCGR2β molecules, suggesting that PAMs may upregulate these genes to facilitate the phagocytosis of H. parasuis or other cells to play their immunological roles.
To compensate for such vulnerability, diabetic β cells may upregulate antioxidant genes in vivo [43], as we recently showed in GK islets [44].
48 In some FPD/AML pedigrees, all of the affected members develop hematological malignancies, suggesting a possibility that some RUNX1 mutants may upregulate other genes through a gain-of-function mechanism leading to leukemogenesis.
HNF1β may upregulate OGG1 gene expression to counteract ROS mediated mitochondrial dysfunction [ 48].
Recently, HO-1 immunoreactive signal was detected in the nucleus of cultured cells after exposure to hypoxia and haeme, suggesting that this localisation may serve to upregulate genes that promote cytoprotection against oxidative stress (Lin et al, 2007).
It was earlier found that p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase upregulates c-jun gene transcription through phosphorylation of two myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEfamilymily transcription factors, MEF2A and MEF2C, while big MAP kinase 1 (Bmay) may upregulate c-jun gene transcription through MEF2A, MEF2C, and also MEF2D.
Physical contact between osteolytic prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts may upregulate osteoclastogenesis-related gene expression in prostate cancer cells and enhance osteoclastogenesis.
Although the mechanisms responsible for RAC3 overexpression in tumors are not at all clear to date, we have recently demonstrated that inflammatory response may upregulate the RAC3 gene expression.
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