The interaction of immunostimulatory polysaccharides with cell receptors may trigger signaling pathways, ultimately leading to induction of gene transcription (Xu et al. 2014).
NAPQI also binds to mitochondrial proteins, which, in turn, causes oxidative stress that may trigger signaling pathways through mitochondrial toxicity, leading to lethal cell injury.
Thus, advanced glycation end products and hemodynamic abnormalities related to type 1 diabetes may trigger signaling pathways involved in the appearance of vascular calcification (27).
In addition, the Fc-portion of the TACI-Ig fusion protein may trigger signaling via Fc-receptor (FcR -activation on myeloid cells or clearance oFcR -activationB-cell subsets by alternative mechanisms than death upon BAFF depletion.
In addition to differences due to cell specificity, TRK oncogenes may trigger signal transduction pathways other than the wild type receptor as a consequence of the properties contributed by structural rearrangements (cytoplasmic localization, the presence of activating sequences).
ROS may trigger signals that further exacerbate smooth muscle hypercontractility, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and vascular remodeling [ 5], Increasing evidence demonstrates that OS plays a contributory role in the pathogenesis of PAH [ 6- 9].
In addition to the effects initiated at the plasma membrane, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may also trigger signaling cascades upon their activation within the cell.
Recent results employing the same MEF cell lines as used in this study showed that Txnrd1 depletion gave increased oxidation of PTP1B (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B), that may also trigger signaling pathways with JNK phosphorylation.
Cell-cell contact may trigger intracellular signaling pathways such as the β-catenin pathway [21].
The abnormal production of the molecule may trigger redox signaling pathways, such as oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
