Our current results suggest that the VEG of S. exigua contain elicitors of late plant defense signaling which may trigger defense-related enzymatic activity, regulate expression of terpene synthase genes and other defense-related genes, and induce plant VOCs, with potential ramifications for plant-insect and tritrophic interactions.
TW may trigger defenses [ 30, 32].
Despite being symbiotically important, these molecules, as common microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of the rhizobial bacteria, may also trigger defense responses upon recognition by the cognate host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and thus are possibly associated with symbiosis specificity.
Analysis of their expression patterns suggested that BnaMKK9, BnaMPK1, 2 and BnaMKK2, -4, -5 and BnaMPK3 and -6 may be integrated into the SA signaling pathway to trigger defense response of canola.
Worse, weeks or months of a failing treatment regimen can trigger defense mechanisms by the tumor cell that may render ineffectual a second-line therapy that might have otherwise worked.
Elicitins are secreted lipid-binding oomycete proteins that trigger defense responses in plants [ 36].
Their interactions with their cellular environment through secreted proteins and effectors transported through transmembrane systems may trigger a host defense response that they would then need to fight off.
Thijssen et al. (2007) report that Cd exposure may trigger a biphasic defense response in the kidney, and could lead to adaptation and survival [ 55] maybe by induction of Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), this transcription factor binds to antioxidant response elements and regulates the expression of antioxidant genes [ 56].
Recent studies indicated that natural infection in early stage of virus infection may trigger different host-defense reaction (Garcia et al., 2014).
If harmful bacteria manage to slip past those defenses, they may trigger an immune reaction that is sensed by the mother, prompting her to go into labor.
