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CatSper may become activated during capacitation, supporting spontaneous HA Alasmari et al. (2013) and when strongly activated (as occurs during the progesterone transient) CatSper may trigger activation of Ca2+ stores or store-operated channels (Lefievre et al., 2012).
Thus, it appears that extracellular cellobiose may trigger activation of the LevQRST complex in the LevQcon strain.
For instance, male arrival may trigger activation of FER in the female gametophyte, which in turn inhibits pollen tube growth followed by tube rupture.
Additionally, ROS may trigger activation of both nuclear factor-κB and FOXO signaling pathways, resulting in protein loss, possibly through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway [ 40].
These data suggest that defects in the kinetochore may trigger activation of the PKA pathway, possibly via components of the cAMP-PKA pathway, that are nuclear localized.
This, combined with up-regulated activity of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, which regulates gene expression and tumor angiogenesis, may trigger activation of pathways that control tumor growth and aggressiveness [27]– [27].
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Free radicals may also trigger activation of various proteins that in turn activate the inflammatory response.
Severed axons may thus trigger activation of the core apoptotic proteins CED-4/Apaf-1 by calcium signaling, mediated by the calreticulin CRT-1 (ref.31).
Replication stress is a source of DNA damage, which may ultimately trigger activation of the p53-p21 pathway (Bartek and Lukas, 2001).
The generation of blood coagulation enzymes in the tumour microenvironment may trigger the activation of PARs (protease-activated receptors).
CD4+ T-helper cell and innate lymphoid cell populations and their effectors may be one component of this [ 41], and early life responses to specific microbial clades may participate in or trigger activation of these immune responses.
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