Typically, carcinomas arising in these areas may show a differentiation resembling either of the colliding epithelia (and sometimes a mixture or an intermediate of both).
There have been other studies that have shown that morphologically similar species may show cryptic genetic differentiation [41].
The tumor cells may show certain features of differentiation, but the cells are not equivalent to any specific differentiated cell-type, and seem to occupy a primitive developmental state that precedes the development of embryonic layers.
Nonetheless, the recent demonstration that other sources of somatic stem cells (i.e. mesenchymal, haematopoietic), with very low capabilities of neural (trans) differentiation, may show equally significant bystander capacities and promote CNS repair [12] [14], further proves and generalizes the relevance of somatic stem cell-dependent alternative therapeutic mechanisms.
Other genes which control specific mammalian aspects of ES differentiation may show a distribution specific to mammals.
Worms and flies have only a single gene encoding a forkhead box 0 transcription factor, while mammals have several, which may show similar patterns of differentiation in function to the daf-16 isoforms.
For example, the potential effects of strong founder events may show a similar pattern to differentiation in allopatry over time.
Markers derived from the transcriptome, and thus gene-associated and potentially affected by directional or purifying selection, may show a different level of differentiation compared to loci derived from genomic libraries, and putatively selectively neutral.
Finally, a similar genomic approach based on FACS data coming from other developmental studies such as the ones by Lim et al. [ 24] or Raouf et al. [ 23] might prove useful in leukemia [ 55] or other solid tumors [ 56], where similar differentiation hierarchies have been identified, and thus this differentiation predictor algorithm may show benefit in cancers other than breast cancer.
It may mimic leprosy and its differentiation may be difficult, since both diseases may show hypo-pigmented macular lesions as clinical presentation and neural involvement in histopathological investigations.
