Hepatitis, if mild, may require only rest and restricted activities for a week or two, but when severe it may cause death from liver failure, or may result in chronic disease of the liver.
Whilst severe depression and anxiety may require psychiatric treatment, those with milder to moderate symptoms could be better served by the adoption of a broader public health approach that targets the population rather than the individual [ 66].
A variety of other complications and birth defects that can range from mild to severe may require identification and management (Table 8 ).
IEMs, like many rare diseases, are frequently characterized by heterogeneity in clinical presentation, ranging from mild forms that may require no intervention to severe forms that are associated with significant morbidity and/or mortality.
These may require limiting ventilation and "permissive hypercapnia". Although mild episodes of AECOPD are generally reversible, more severe forms of respiratory failure are associated with a substantial mortality and a prolonged period of disability in survivors.
They are usually mild to moderate, but may require therapeutic intervention (additional paracetamol, antihistamines, bronchodilators, eventually glucocorticoids).
Symptoms that caused transient discomfort, which do not significantly interfere with normal function, and which resolve spontaneously or which may require minimal therapeutic intervention, were classified as mild.
In a subgroup of patients, the dystonia is mild, progresses only very slowly and may require no treatment (Trender-Gerhard et al., 2009).
While mild infections resolve without treatment, more severe cases may require hospitalization and supplemental oxygen, suctioning of mucus from airways, and occasionally intubation with mechanical ventilation [3].
Symptomatic treatment is recommended for mild irAEs, while management of more severe reactions may require delay or omission of a dose and intense monitoring.
