These laccases seem to perform extracellular activities, with the exception of one that may represent an intracellular laccase.
The LmxM.36.6480 sequence additionally lacks the SP and it may represent an intracellular form of the protein.
Confocal micrographs of transverse sections showed that, in control LV, ATP7A was mainly localized to the peri-nuclear region and also showed vesicular staining throughout the sarcoplasm which may represent the intracellular trans-Golgi network membranes.
Vasorelaxation to many compounds is mediated by activation of ERK and Akt, thus the CBD-induced increased in both ERK and Akt and therefore both may represent the intracellular signalling mechanisms underpinning the vasorelaxant effects of CBD, as suggested by the positive correlation with eNOS phosphorylation and the inhibition of eNOS phosphorylation by AM251.
The reduction in the levels of phosphorylated p70s6K and STAT5 in human endothelial cells in response to CBD in the present study may represent the intracellular signalling mechanisms underpinning the anti-angiogenic effects of CBD reported by Solinas et al. in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Our data suggest an interaction of costunolide with microtubules, which may represent a new intracellular target for this drug.
Therefore, NADPH oxidase-mediated redox signaling may represent a unique intracellular amplifier of diverse signaling pathways involved in tissue repair processes such as cell proliferation, wound healing, angiogenesis and fibrosis.
Finally, genome-wide pathway analysis revealed that SMAD-independent TGFbeta signaling through a TAK1/p38/JNK or TAK1/NLK pathway may represent one mode of intracellular signaling shared by all three of these lines, and suggests that factors downstream of these pathways may mediate some functions of the ExEn.
Therefore, the macrophage phagolysosome may represent a relatively permissive intracellular niche with regard to nutrient availability, if microbes can establish suitable strategies for inhibiting or evading the activation of highly effective host cell microbiocidal processes.
