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Moreover, exaggerated medial prefrontal cortical and subcortical (putamen and amygdala) responses to emotional signals have been observed in bipolar I patients and their nonbipolar relatives, suggesting that such responses may represent heritable neurobiological abnormalities underlying bipolar disorder [ 49].
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Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) loci represent heritable and adaptive primitive immune systems in bacteria and archaea against invading agents such as bacteriophages or plasmids [25].
If so, and if more than 77% of the cases in MZ twins represent heritable forms of disease, the proportion of all breast cancer represented by heritable disease exceeds 15%, and we have speculated on other grounds that it may be even higher (Peto and Mack, 2000).
Endophenotypes, or intermediate phenotypes, are thought to represent heritable phenotypic constructs that are more directly related to genes than clinical symptoms or disease categories [ 63, 169, 183].
Unlike genetic variation, epigenetic changes generating novel and heritable phenotypes may represent reversible genomic alterations that allow colonizing variable environments and new landscapes on an evolutionary timescale [7], [16], [17].
In closing, we hypothesize that population-level variation in the repertoire of available TCR/immunoglobulin gene segments may represent an underappreciated source of heritable diversity in the adaptive immune system.
Alternatively, these differences may represent local adaptation, if there is heritable variation for, and strong selection on, traits such as body size.
And they may represent a relative bargain.
They may represent newly discovered genotypes.
These may represent gills.
Free agents may represent multiple companies simultaneously.
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