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Concerning the surgical treatment, not all parts of the treatment can be standardized, and may represent confounders.
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On the other hand, CHD risk factors may also represent confounders of the working hours-CHD association.
The present study tested the hypothesis that the intake of selected nutrients in fish or measures of maternal nutritional status may represent important confounders when estimating the effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure on child development.
Various comorbid conditions may be associated with elevated levels of MMPs, so these may represent unmeasured confounders.
Since education and income were not analysed in King et al., they may represent unknown confounders or effect mediators.
Conversely, the effect of statins on progenitor cells has been controversial (9, 10), and this may represent a confounder in our study.
The fact that the control group was given no attention at all may represent a confounder for this study's results.
Mean BMI was higher in the Caucasians, albeit non-significantly, which may represent a confounder, although it appears that body weight does not affect the GIP response to nutrients [ 5].
Third, intra and postoperative events that affect the incidence of AKI also represent confounders [ 10, 27].
The variables U1, U2, U3 represent confounders, leading to correlations between X1, X2, X3 and Y.
We were not able to adjust for helminthic infection and HIV in our study, which both represent confounders.
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