The association of parental smoking with hepatoblastoma (Pang et al, 2003; Sorahan and Lancashire, 2004) may partly reflect uncontrolled confounding from low birth weight (Spector and Ross, 2003), with which there is convincing evidence of a strong inverse association (Spector et al, 2008).
Thus, the spread of spectinomycin resistance in the 1980s [ 110– 112] may reflect more uncontrolled usage of spectinomycin and the transmission of some few successful spectinomycin resistant gonococcal strains.
Adjustment was made for a number of potential confounders, and further adjustment for denture use and BMI had little impact on the reported ORs; however, our results may reflect some uncontrolled confounding.
First, ABG could reflect uncontrolled or undiagnosed diabetes and a more advanced atherosclerosis.
It may reflect untreated or uncontrolled hypertension before stroke, or it may relate to stress response.
We can make no claim about the effectiveness of our clinical intervention as it was uncontrolled and may reflect a regression to the mean.
We therefore believe that the reported increase in food intake in the cocaine group is a real one and may reflect the relationship between the uncontrolled intake of fatty food and binge use of cocaine, which has previously been reported in experimental animals (Puhl, Cason, Wojnicki, Corwin, & Grigson, 2011).
We also observed an elevated pulse pressure in the patients with uncontrolled DM, which may reflect arterial stiffness.
We also note that our findings, like those of any observational study, may reflect non-causal relationships related to uncontrolled confounding.
The association between HIV infection and invasive cervical cancer that has been reported may reflect differential prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or uncontrolled confounding.
